Bibliography
Audio Clips
Carter, Jimmy. "President Carter’s remarks in Panama." Treaty signing ceremony. Panama, 16 Jun 1978. Address.
We got this audio clip on the Presidential Timeline website. In this audio clip, President Carter makes some remarks on what Panama and the U.S gained from the treaties after they were signed. We used his remarks on the Victory at Last page.
Books
Carter, Jimmy. Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President. United States of America: Bantam Books, 1982. Print.
Jimmy Carter was the president of the United States and the first president to successfully take action on revising the Panama Canal Treaties. This primary source was very helpful towards our website because it gave us insight on the events leading up to the signing of the Carter-Torijjos treaty. This book described the people Carter worked with and against, the advice he was given and the advice he gave all though his point of view. We were able to figure out what was going on inside Carters head throughout all these events. This was a great advantage for us since Carter was central to the treaty debate.
Carter, Jimmy. White House Diary. New York City: Farrar Straus Giroux, 2010. Print.
Overall this book was a collection of diary entries written Jimmy Carter during his presidency. Jimmy Carter was the president who signed the Carter-Torijjos treaty. The primary source gave us information on President Carter's opinion and what he wanted for the Carter-Torijjos treaty. We were able to find an abundance of entries that were focused on the Panama Canal. It gave us an insight on Carters reasons behind his administration's actions and his exact emotions on about the debate.
Jorden, William. Panama Odyssey. Univ of Texas Pr, 1984. Print.
William J. Jorden was a former U.S. ambassador to Panama (1974-1978) which made this a book a good primary source to use. From this book we learned about the long and continuous negotiations that produced the Carter-Torrijos treaties. Also we gained knowledge on how the United States dealt with this major foreign policy issue and how a superpower (U.S.) coped with a smaller nation that occupied a strategically critical position. In addition this book gave us insight on the debate in the U.S. senate over the ratification of the treaties and we were able to find quotes we could use in our website (see Home page).
Moffett D., George. The limits of victory: the ratification of the Panama Canal treaties. Cornell Univ Pr, 1985. Print.
Since this book was written by an Assistant Chief of Staff (1978-1981), The White House the limits of victory became an informative primary source for our project. From this book we learned about the different aspects of the treaty fight and the many forces that almost caused the ratification effort to fail. We also obtained a better understanding of the ratification and received some good quotes (see Debate and Diplomacy page).
Documents
Letter from John Wayne in support of the Panama Canal Treaties. - Oct 12 1977 - Presidential Timeline website
John Wayne, a famous conservative actor, was a vocal supporter of the Panama Canal Treaties. He sent this letter to all the senators and many other treaty opponents describing the benefits of the treaty. This letter helped us understand that the support for the treaties was bipartisan, meaning that conservatives (aka Republicans) also supported the Treaties even though a Democratic President was leading the effort.
Letter to Congress from Carter, August 12th, 1977, Jimmy Carter Library.
In this letter, written after the Panama Canal Treaties were signed in 1977, President Carter wrote to the Congress summarizing the terms of the treaties and telling them he needs their help with it in the coming weeks.
Letter to General Torrijos, July 29th, 1977 from Jimmy Carter, Jimmy Carter Library
In his letter to General Torrijos, President Carter describes his administrations' stance on the treaty proposal. We used this in the background page on President Carter.
Letter to Governor Averell Harriman from Landon Butler. Deputy Assistant to the President, August 25. 1977 [WHCF] - Jimmy Carter Library Panama Canal documents
The letter helped us understand why the Treaties were beneficial to the United States. Letters similar to this were sent to many prominent leaders to help convince them and through them convince the public and the senators.
Letter to President Jimmy Carter from U.S. Congressman Daniel J. Flood, January 27, 1977 - Jimmy Carter Library Panama Canal documents
The letter is an example of the many letters that President Carter and many other Senators received in opposition to the Treaties. This letter written in early January 1977 by Congressman Flood describes why the Panama Canal should remain under US control. This letter showed us that opposition to the Treaties was prevalent well before the Treaties were signed in September 1977.
Letter to U.S. Senators from President Jimmy Carter, November 5, 1977 [Staff Secretaries File]. - Jimmy Carter Library Panama Canal documents
President Carter sent this letter to all the Senators explaining the growing support for the Treaties among the American Public. He urged the Senators to help educate the public and to vote for the Treaties when it comes up for the final vote in the Senate. This letter helped us understand how President Carter was trying to convince the Senators to vote for the Treaties.
Memo to Associate Press Secretary for the National Security Council Jerry Schecter and Press Secretary Jody Powell from Robert A. Pastor, Latin American specialist on the National Security Council, September 7, 1977 [Press Files, Powell]
The memo gave us information about reactions of Latin American countries to the signing of the Panama Canal treaty. We used this information on the short term consequences page.
Memo to Hamilton Jordan, Frank Moore, Landon Butler, Bob Thomson from Special Assistant Joe Aragon, March 8, 1978. - Jimmy Carter Library Panama Canal documents.
This document describes the minutes from the daily meetings held on Panama Canal Treaty ratification. It gave us an insight into how the President kept track of the senators and their position on the panama canal ratification. It also explained the steps that the administration would need to take to win the support of some of the undecided senators.
National Security Report on the Panama Canal Riots, 2/13/1964, WHCF, LBJ Library
The part I, Narrative of significant event prior to the Anti-American Riots, gave us information of the activities and climate prevailing prior to the riots in 1964 for the background page in our website. We got this document by going to the LBJ Library in Austin.
Note to Chief of Staff Hamilton Jordan from Rick (we believe to be Hendrik Hertzberg, Speechwriter), April 10, 1978 memo to National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski from Robert Pastor, April 10, 1978) - Jimmy Carter Library Panama Canal documents.
This letter describes how Senator DeConcini controlled the fate of the ratification of the treaties. It explained how the Carter Administration was in a tight spot with regards to keeping the Panamanians happy and winning DeConcini's vote for the ratification. DeConcini's reservation that was added to the Neutrality Treaty caused an up-roar in Panama and Panama was close to rejecting the treaties. The letter describes how the Carter administration attempted to get DeConcini to change the wordings of the reservation.
Presidential Review Memorandum/National Security Council, 21 Jan 1977, Jimmy Carter Library.
This is a letter from President Carter, addressed to the Vice President, Secretary of state and Secretary of Defense. President Carter’s very first Presidential Memorandum (PRM 1) addressed the Panama Canal problem. We used this document in the background page on President Carter.
Press comment on Public opinion: Memo to Secretary of State Cyrus Vance from Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Hodding Carter III, October 4, 1977 - Jimmy Carter Library Panama Canal documents.
This letter lists the points of public opposition and the need for a public debate about the ratification. It also notes that the steps taken by the Carter administration to inform the public about the treaties have produced favorable results.
Sheridan, Brian E. "Panama and the Future of the Panama Canal." Testimony before the Senate Armed Service Committee. 22 Oct 1999.
In this testimony, Brian Sheridan, the assistant secretary of defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflicts, talks about how the Hong-Kong Panama Port Company (Hutchison Whampoa) does not pose any threat to the operation in the Panama Canal and that the US interests are safeguarded. We used this document in the conclusion page to show that the fears of the opponents did not materialize in the long run.
Statement from John Wayne with his position on the Panama Canal Treaty - Oct 1977 - Presidential Timeline website
John Wayne, a famous conservative actor, was a vocal supporter of the Panama Canal Treaties. He sent this letter to all the senators and many other treaty opponents describing the benefits of the treaty. This letter helped us understand that the support for the treaties was bipartisan, meaning that conservatives (aka Republicans) also supported the Treaties even though a Democratic President was leading the effort.
"Support for Panama Treaties Increases with Knowledge" by George Gallup. October 23, 1977 - Jimmy Carter Library Panama Canal documents
This document showed us that the public opposition to the treaties was highest among the people who did not have the knowledge about the terms described in the Treaties. The Carter administration used this information to come up with many strategies to educate the public and thus increase support for the treaties.
William F. Hildenbrand, Secretary of the Senate, 1981-1985," Interview #6, Oral History Interviews, Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C
The transcript of the Interview of William F. Hildenbrand who was the secretary to Senate Minority Leader Howard Baker gave us information about why Baker supported the treaty. It also gave us information about the success of the radio broadcasts.
Pictures
"Abourezk, James George." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Web. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000017>
This picture gave us a visual of Senator Abourezk--Non-Treaty Related Concessions -- Carter the Diplomat Page
"Adam Clymer." Muncy Journalism & Politics Lectures, Dole Institute of Politics. Web. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://www.doleinstitute.org/programs-Muncy.shtml>
Adam Clymer,former chief Washington correspondent for the New York Times, talks about the long-term consequence of the Panama canal debates in his book "Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch: The Panama Canal Treaties and the Rise of the Right.". We used his picture on the conclusions page for the summary of the consequences in the "Conclusion" page.
"Advice and Consent document for the Panama Canal Treaty." National Archives. Web. 18 Mar 2011. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/treasures_of_congress/Images/page_25/76a.html>
This picture depicted the issues surrounding the wording of the Panama Canal Treaties, on the great debate and wording of treaty pages.
"Ambler H. Moss, J.D.." Department of International Studies. Web. 10 Mar 2011.
<http://www.as.miami.edu/international-studies/faculty/AmblerMoss>
This picture gave us a visual of the former Ambassador to Panama 1978-1982, Ambler Moss whom we interviewed for our project. We used his picture on the background page of our website.
"Bellmon, Henry Louis." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Web. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000351>
This picture gave us a visual of Senator Bellmon--Non-Treaty Related Concessions -- Carter the Diplomat Page.
"Bentsen, Lloyd Miller Jr.." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Web. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000401>.
This picture gave us a visual of Senator Benston-- Treaty Related Concessions -- Carter the Diplomat Page.
"Bob Dole." Vote Yes on 2. Web. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://www.bobdole.org>
We used this picture of Senator Bob Dole on the opponents section of the "Language of Treaty" page as he was one of the senators who were concerned whether the language of the treaties offered sufficient legal protection of U.S. rights to protect the Canal.
"Book Cover." Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch. Web. 29 Mar 2011.
<www.amazon.com>.
Adam Clymer, former chief Washington correspondent for the New York Times, talks about the long-term consequence of the Panama canal debates in his book "Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch: The Panama Canal Treaties and the Rise of the Right.". We used the picture of the book cover for a visual representation of the consequences of the Panama Canal treaty debates on the "Conclusion" page.
"Car carrier and Container Ship at Miraflores." New Contemporary Panama Canal Photos. Web. 30 Mar 2011. <http://canalmuseum.com/canalphotos/miraflores-locks-0117.html>.
This contemporary picture of the Miraflores Lock in the Panama Canal shows the improvements made in the Canal after the handover of the Canal operations to Panama. We used this as the third picture in our banner to show the progress made as a result of the Carter-Torrijos treaty which gave Panama control of the canal.
"Carter at a town meeting in Bangor, ME." Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. Web. 23 Feb 2011.
<http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/record.php?id=350>
In this image taken on Feb 18th, 1978, President Carter discusses the Panama Canal treaty during a town meeting in Bangor, ME. We used this image on the "Treaty and Public" page to show how President Carter tried to convince the public in townhall meetings.
"Carter at the Panama Canal Treaty briefing." Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. Web. 20 Feb 2011.
<http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/record.php?id=349>
In this picture taken on Sep 1st, 1977, President Carter briefs civic and professional leaders on the terms of the Panama Canal Treaty. We used this image on the "Wording of treaty" page.
"Central America and the Caribbean." Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection. Web. 10 May 2011.
<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/centralamerica_pol97.pdf>.
This picture is a map of the countries in Central America and the Caribbean. We used this map on our Short Term Consequences page next to the reactions from the Latin American countries when the 1977 Panama Canal treaties were signed.
"DeConcini, Dennis Webster." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Web. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=d000185>
This picture gave us a visual of Senator DeConcini-- Treaty Related Concessions -- Carter the Diplomat Page.
"Egypt." CIA World Factobook. Web. 10 May 2011.
<https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/maps/eg_largelocator_template.html>.
This picture shows Egypt highlighted on a map of Africa. We used this visual on our short term consequences page next to the comment made by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat congratulating President Carter after the ratification of the Panama Canal Treaties.
"Gerald R. Ford." The White House. Web. 20 Mar 2011.
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/geraldford>
This picture gave us a visual of President Ford, that we used on the background page.
"Harold Brown." SecDef Histories. Web. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://www.defense.gov/specials/secdef_histories/bios/brown.htm>.
Harold Brown was the Secretary of Defense, Carter Administration from Jan 21st, 1977 - Jan 20th, 1981. We used this image in the proponents section in the "Canal Security" page. Brown argued that giving Panama a greater interest in the canal, while letting US keep the right to take action to protect the canal offered the best hope for the Canal's future security.
"HAYAKAWA, Samuel Ichiye." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Web. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000384>.
This picture gave us a visual of Senator Hayakawa --Non-Treaty Related Concessions -- Carter the Diplomat Page
"James Carter." The White House. Web. 20 Mar 2011.
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jimmycarter>.
This picture gave us a visual of President Carter that we used on the background page.
"Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos signing the Panama Canal Treaty., 06/16/1978." Carter White House Photographs Collection, National Archives, ARC Identifier 179905 . Web. 29 Mar 2011.
President Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos signed the Panama Canal Treaty in Panama on June 16th, 1978. This picture of them signing the treaty is used on the "Victory at Last" Page.
"Jimmy Carter receiving the Nobel Peace Prize." Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. Web. 31 Dec 2010. <http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/record.php?id=815>.
Jimmy Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development on December 10, 2002. We used this picture on the "Long Term Consequences" Page to show that Carters efforts on the peace initiatives on the Panama Canal Treaty Ratification contributed to his Nobel Prize.
"LIFE Magazine Cover January 24 1964" Life. Web. 3 Jan 2011.
<http://www.life.com/image/89075326>.
The cover of Life magazine features a photograph of rioters as they raise a flag on a street lamp above a burning car at the border between Panama and the Canal Zone, Panama City, Panama, January 24, 1964.This picture showed us that Panamanians were unhappy. On January 9th, 1964 two-hundred Panamanian high school students marched to Balboa High School in the U.S. Canal Zone to raise the Panamanian flag in what was expected to be a peaceful protest. By the end of that day, twenty-two Panamanians lay dead, and the city was in chaos. This unrest eventually led to the Carter-Torrijos treaties over a span of four U.S. Presidents. We used this picture in the background page.
"Lyndon B. Johnson." The White House. Web. 20 Mar 2011.
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/lyndonbjohnson>.
This picture gave us a visual of President Lyndon B. Johnson, and it also gave us a chance to hyperlink the image to Johnson's contributions page. After the 1964 riots in Panama, President Johnson tried to get a new treaty but was not successful. The picture is on the Background page of our website.
"National Security Agency Seal." National Security Agency/Central Security Service. Web. 19 Mar 2011
. <http://www.nsa.gov/about/faqs/about_nsa.shtml>.
We used this picture to depict the issues surrounding National Security during the time of the ratification of the Panama Canal Treaty debate, on the great debate and canal security pages
"Nunn Samuel Augustus." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Web. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=N000171>.
This picture gave us a visual of Senator Nunn -- Treaty Related Concessions -- Carter the Diplomat Page
"Panama Riots" Panama Martyr's Day. Web. 28 Dec 2010.
<http://everydaysaholiday.org/panama-martyrs-day>.
This picture gave a visual of solders pointing their guns at the crowd during the Panama riots of 1964. The Panama canal riots in 1964 showed how Panamanians were angry with the U.S. You can see this picture on the background page of our website.
"Portrait Jimmy Carter." Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. Web. 25 Mar 2011.
<http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/record.php?id=597>.
We used this portrait of President Jimmy Carter taken on Nov 20th, 1978 on the "Conclusions" page while quoting a section from his book 'Keeping Faith'.
"President Carter meets with Sol Linowitz and Ellsworth Bunker." Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. Web. 5 Jan 2011. <http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/record.php?id=348>.
In this picture taken on Feb 11th, 1977, President Carter meets with the U.S. treaty negotiators, Amb. Sol Linowitz and Amb. Ellsworth Bunker. Linowitz argued that the long standing dispute between the United States and Panama over the status of the canal significantly affects the relationship between this country and the entire Third World. We used this picture on the "National Pride" page in the proponents section.
"President Carter on the phone." Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. Web. 15 Feb 2011.
<http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/record.php?id=352>.
In this picture taken on August 1st,1977, President Carter is shown on a phone calling on Senators for their support for the Panama Canal Treaties. We used this image on the "Treaty and Senators" Page.
"President Jimmy Carter and General Omar Torrijos at signing Ceremony for Panama Canal Treaty in Washington, D.C.." Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. Web. 23 Feb 2011.
<http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/record.php?id=353>.
In this picture taken on Sep 1st, 1977, President Carter and Gen. Torrijos shake hands after signing the Panama Canal Treaty at the OAS Building in Washington, D.C. We used this picture in the banner of our web pages. We also used it in the "Background" page to talk about the events leading to the ratification debate.
"Richard M. Nixon." The White House. Web. 20 Mar 2011.
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/richardnixon>.
This picture gave us a visual of President Nixon, that we used on the background page.
"Ronald Reagan." Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 23 Mar 2011. <http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/photo.html>.
We used this portrait of Reagan in the opponents section of the "National Pride" Page. Reagan was against the Panama Canal treaties and said "We built it, we paid for it,it's ours, and we should tell Torrijos and company that we are going to keep it."
"Ronald Reagan." The White House. Web. 20 Mar 2011.
<http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan>.
This picture gave us a visual of President Reagan that we used on the long term consequence page where we talk about the consequences of the Reagan Presidency.
"Senator Strom Thurmond." Online Newshour: The Panama Canal. Web. 20 Jan 2011.
<http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/latin_america/panamacanal/newshour_coverage1.html>.
Republican Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, who headed the American Conservative Union Task Force to Defeat Ratification was opposed to Carter's Panama Canal Treaty. He argued that Panama is a weak and unstable country and cannot protect the canal. We used this image on the Canal Security Page.
"Signing Treaties at OAS." Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. Web. 23 Feb 2011.
<http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/record.php?id=609>.
In this picture taken on Sep 7th, 1977, President Carter and General Torrijos are signing the Panama Canal Treaties. We used this image in the "Background" page to talk about the events leading to the ratification debate.
"Stone, Richard Bernard." Florida Representatives. Web. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://www.freebase.com/view/en/richard_bernard_stone>.
This picture gave us a visual of Senator Stone -- Treaty Related Concessions -- Carter the Diplomat Page
"Talmadge, Herman Eugene." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Web. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000035>.
This picture gave us a visual of Senator Talmadge--Non-Treaty Related Concessions -- Carter the Diplomat Page
Student-led Interviews
Moss, Ambler H., E-mail Interview by Kavya Ramamoorthy, Maanasa Nathan, Priya Ramamoorthy. 7 Mar 2011.
Ambler Moss was U.S. ambassador to Panama from 1978 to 1982 under Presidents Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. A career foreign service officer, he was deputy assistant secretary of state for congressional relations and served in Spain, in the U.S. delegation to the Organization of American States and as Spanish desk officer in the state department. He was involved in the negotiation and ratification of the U.S.-Panama Canal Treaties and was a member of the U.S.-Panama Consultative Committee from 1978-1982 and from 1995-2001. We interviewed him via email about his opinion on the nature of the partisan conflicts during the debate and the long term effect on U.S. Politics. His answers gave us additional insight on how the Panama treaties were worked on by a combination of Republicans and Democrats and how that is very different from the current way politicians vote on party lines. We quoted former ambassador Moss on our background page.
DeConcini, Dennis Webster, E-Mail Interview by Kavya Ramamoorthy, Maanasa Nathan, Priya Ramamoorthy. 30 Apr 2011.
Dennis Webster DeConcini (born May 8, 1937 Tucson, Arizona) is a former Democratic U.S. Senator from Arizona. DeConcini sponsored an amendment (the DeConcini Reservation) to the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977 which allows the United States "to take such steps as each [the U.S. or Panama] deems necessary, in accordance with its constitutional processes, including the use of military force in the Republic of Panama, to reopen the Canal or restore the operations of the Canal, as the case may be." In our email interview with Senator DeConcini, we learnt that the DeConcini Reservation was cited by President George Bush when the U.S. intervened militarily in Panama in 1989 to oust the dictator Noriega. We included this information in the Long Term Consequences page.
Video Clips
"Address to the Nation on Panama (December 20, 1989) George H. W. Bush." Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. Web. 13 May 2011. <http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3422>.
In this video, President George W. Bush talked about the reasons for the 1989 invasion of Panama to overthrow the Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega. We included this video next to the quote from Senator DeConcini where he said that the DeConcini Reservation was cited by President Bus when he ordered the invasion of Panama. This video is included in the Long Term Conclusions page to show one of the long term effects of the debate and diplomacy that happened during the Carter-Torrijos Treaty Ratification.
"Fireside Chat on Panama Canal." NBC News Special Report. Web. 24 Mar 2011.
<http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/educators/educators.php?pid=mm>.
In a snippet of the video used on the background page from President Carter's fireside chat broadcast on NBC< we used the part where President Carter talks about building of the canal. In another snippet from the fireside chat, President Carter talks about why Panama is unhappy. Also other snippets talk about Carter asking for the senators' support, how he gained votes, and when you persuade the public you would persuade the senators.
Firing Line Debate: Resolve: The Senate Should Ratify the Proposed Panama Canal Treaties
< http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5J9TTllu8eU>
Before the U.S. Senate considered their ratification in 1978, the Panama Canal Treaties were the subject of a television debate. William F. Buckley debated for ratification and Governor Ronald Reagan debated against ratification. The event was chaired by Senator Sam Ervin. The other participants served as examiners. As part of the closing arguments, William Buckley lists out the reasons why the Senate should ratify the treaties. We used a portion of the closing arguments in the video in The Great Debate page.
"Former President Jimmy Carter's White House Years." C-SPAN2: 29 Nov 2010. Television. 23 Mar 2011.
<http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/JimmyCarter>.
This video of Jimmy Carter talking about the operation of the canal helped us see some of the long term consequences of the treaties. We used part of this video in our "Long Term" page to help explain one of the consequences which is that today, the canal is even more efficient then it use to be.
"Jimmy Carter on the Panama Canal." Global Atlanta 17 Mar 2010 Web. 24 Mar 2011.
<http://www.globalatlanta.com/articlevid/23813/861/#ad_1>
In this video published by Global Atlanta, a publication of Agio Press Inc, a news source based in Atlanta, Former President Jimmy Carter and Howard Baker, a former U.S. senator from Tennessee, discuss ratification of the Panama Canal treaties in 1978 in these videos. We used snippets from this video in our short term consequences page to show how Howard Baker's support of the Panama Canal cost him in future political races.
"Nobel Prize for Peace." Jimmy Carter Interview 25 Oct 1991. Web. 26 Mar 2011.
<http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/car0int-1>.
We used a video clip from the interview of Jimmy Carter on the Long Term Consequences page. In the video, President Jimmy Carter talks about how the Panama canal has been more successful after it was handed over to the Panamanians.
"Panama Canal Treaties." Global Atlanta 17 Mar 2010 Web 24 Mar 2011.
<http://www.globalatlanta.com/articlevid/23813/862/#ad_1>
In the snippet of this video used on the Short Term Consequences page, President Jimmy Carter talks about the security implications of the Panama Canal treaties. In another snippet of this video that we used, President Carter talks about the Senators being voted out.This video helped us gain insight on the Panama Canal vote and consequences.
"Town Hall Meeting in Nashua,NH." Panama Canal. Web. 24 Mar 2011.
<http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/educators/educators.php?pid=mm>
These videos show President Jimmy Carter addressing the public in Nashua, New Hampshire and telling them that the treaties that were negotiated were beneficial to the U.S. and Panama. We used two clips from this video on the "Panama and the Public" page.
Websites
A Firing Line Debate: Resolve: The Senate Should Ratify the Proposed Panama Canal Treaties
<http://hoohila.stanford.edu/firingline/programView2.php?programID=295>
Before the U.S. Senate considered their ratification in 1978, the Panama Canal Treaties were the subject of a television debate. William F. Buckley debated for ratification and Governor Ronald Reagan debated against ratification. The event was chaired by Senator Sam Ervin. The other participants served as examiners. This debate, between two conservatives gave us a good understanding of the proponents and opponents views. It also showed us that support for the Panama Canal Treaties was bipartisan. We were able to download the transcript for the entire debate from the Hoover Institution at Stanford University.
Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development at University of Maryland, College Park
<http://www.sadat.umd.edu/archives/correspondence.html>
This Primary source gave us the letter written by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat to President Jimmy Carter. In this letter President Sadat Congratulated President Carter on the ratification of the treaties. From this letter we learned Egyptian President Anwar Sadat's opinions and thoughts on the ratification of the treaties. You can read this letter on the short term consequence page on our website.
Greste, Peter. "Panama Prepares for Canal takeover." BBC News 12/14/1999: n. pg. Web. 7 Dec 2010.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/563220.stm>
This article from BBC describes how the Panamanians prepared for the taking over of the canal. In addition from this article we gained information on people's opinions of giving away the canal. We also got some quotes that reflected some senators opinions of the canal (see Panama, the Public, and the Senators page.)
Minutes, White House National Security Council Meeting, 07/23/1975
<http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/nscmin/750723.pdf>
The Gerald Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan gave us information about the negotiations with Panama during Ford's presidency. We got a document with the minutes of the National Security Council meeting on the Panama Canal Negotiations. The principal attendees in the meeting were President Ford, secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger, Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, Chairman, Join Chief of Staff General George S. Brown and Director of Central Intelligence William Colby. The document gave us information about the choices that President Ford faced in moving the negotiations forward.
"Panama: Terms of the Treaties." N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec 2010.
<http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/8886.pdf>
From this Primary source we obtained background knowledge on the explanation of the terms of the two treaties. In addition we were able to look at an official document from 1977. This source really helped us understand the controversies of the treaties, like some of their fundamental purpose which are transferring the canal to Panama and the Canal Zone to the Panamanian Government.
"Ronald Reagan." Firing Line: Panama Canal Treaties. Web. 30 Mar 2011. <http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/154034-1>.
We captured a image of Ronald Reagan taking part in the Firing Line debate with Buckley for our Great Debate page from the video on the C-SPAN site. Before the U.S. Senate considered their ratification in 1978, the Panama Canal Treaties were the subject of a television debate. William F. Buckley debated for ratification and Governor Ronald Reagan debated against ratification. The event was chaired by Senator Sam Ervin. The other participants served as examiners.
Warner, Edwin. "Time Essay: That Troublesome Panama Canal Treaty." Time 10/31/1977: n. pg. Web. 7 Dec 2010. <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945800-2,00.html>
This Time Magazine was a very informative source. We were able to obtain information on why the Panama Canal was so important to the U.S. and Panama. This article with a Q and A format had many intriguing questions on if the canal was important and how would the canal benefit the Panamanians. Overall this source helped us understand the importance of the canal to both nations and some of the consequences if the United States had not ratified the two treaties.
Audio Clips
"Revisiting the Debate over the 'Big Ditch'." NPR All Things Considered. National Public Radio: NPR, 3/24/2008. Radio. 22 Mar 2011.
This secondary source was audio recording which included an interview between Adam Clymer and Robert Siegel (host) over the Debate on the "Big Ditch". It also talks about the Senate floor debates. We took bits and pieces from this long clip, and added them to different pages. Throughout this recording we were able to find information which talks about how the U.S was divided, and a little about voting along partisan lines, so we used it on our Long Term page. We also used a portion of this clip on the home page which we used as an introduction to the debate, because it talked a little about the opposition, and Jimmy Carter’s views.
"The Panama Canal and the Reagan Revolution." The State of Things. North Carolina Public Radio: WUNC 91.5, Chapel Hill, 15 05 2008. Radio. 22 Mar 2011.
In this radio show, Adam Clymer talks about how the Panama Canal question revitalized Ronald Reagan's political career. He also talks about the long term impacts of the handing over of the Panama Canal and the rise of the conservative movement. We have used portions of the audio on the President Ford's page.
Books
A., Robert. Decisions and dilemmas: case studies in presidential foreign policy making since 1945. M E Sharpe Inc, 2005. Print.
This secondary source helped us understand some of the concessions Carter had to agree in order for the senate to ratify the treaty.
Clymer, Adam. Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch: The Panama Canal Treaties and the Rise of the Right. United States: University Press of Kansas, 2008. Print.
Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch was accurate and detailed source to use for our project. This book helped us understand some of the successes that came because of the debate on the Carter-Torrijos treaty. He makes a strong case in his book about the long term consequences of the ratification debate on US politics. Mr. Clymer also adressed both of the untintended consequences that we have displayed on our website, indcluding Rise of the Right and the partisan in the U.S today. His book summarised what happend in a clear consice manner.
Dolan, Edward F. Panama and the United States: Their Canal, Their Stormy Years. United States of America: Franklin Watts, 1990. Print.
This secondary source helped us understand the background behind the building of the Panama Canal so we could understand why the canal was so important. In addition the book provided us with a creative political cartoon ( on the background page) about the building of the canal
Kalman, Laura. Right Star Rising: A New Politics, 1974-1980. 1st. United States: W.W. Norton Company and Company, Inc., 2010. Print.
This secondary source helped us understand what people thought about the treaty and the people against it. We also found a good quote on what Ronald Reagan thought about the Panama Canal treaty. Regan- "We built it, we paid for it, and we're going to keep it"
Documents
David Skidmore, “Foreign Policy Interest Groups and Presidential Power: Jimmy Carter and the Battle Over Ratification of the Panama Canal Treaties," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Summer, 1993, pp. 477-497.
This article gave us a good gist on how the Carter Administration won support of the public, senators and other leaders. It also helped explain many of Carters concessions and gave us good quotes for the Debate and Diplomacy Page.
Franck, Thomas M., and Edward Weisband. "Panama Paralysis" Foreign Policy 21 168-187. Web. 29 Mar 2011.
This article gave us information on the problems encountered over the years with getting a new treaty with Panama even though it was a foreign policy issue which was raised many times. We used information from this article on the background page.
Jimmy Carter and the Panama Canal Treaties Robert A. Strong Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 21, No. 2, Measures of the Presidents: Hoover to Bush (Spring, 1991), pp. 269-286
This source gave us information on the arguments for and against the treaty ratification debate in the Senate. It also gave us information on President Carters level of involvement in the treaty ratification debate negotiations in the Senate. It provided us with information on the concessions that the Carter Administration made.
The 1977 Panama Canal Treaties: Beginning of a New Era? Author(s): Hans G. KauschSource: The World Today, Vol. 34, No. 11 (Nov., 1978), pp. 447-454
This article explained how many people thought that Panama was a weak and defenceless country that could not guarantee the saftey of the Canal. We used this in the Debate and Diplomacy page for the opponents on the Canal Security.
The 1977 Panama Canal Treaties: The Non-Issue Issue William L. Furlong The World Today Vol. 44, No. 1 (Jan., 1988), pp. 10-15
This article helped us understand in depth the reasons why many people were either for or against the treaties. We learned about the canal maintenance and operation, defense and American- Panamanian Relationship issues.Since the article was written in 1988 it provided with information about the canal 10 years after the treaties were signed. This article gave us many quotes for the Debate and Diplomacy, Conclusion and Consequences pages.
Music
"Panama Canal, Episode 82." Steven Spielberg Presents Animaniacs. Warner Brothers: WB, 3 May 1997. Radio. 24 Mar 2011.
We used the music from the Animaniacs episode on Panama Canal on our Political Cartoons page slideshow. The song to the Latin American waterway is set to the tune of Low Bridge. We felt that his music really captured the Panama Canal in music form.
Pictures
"1914 Panama Canal Opening Steamer SS Ancon at Pedro MIguel Locks." Old Panama Canal Photos. Web. 30 Mar 2011. <http://canalmuseum.com/photos/panamacanalphoto042.htm>.
We used this picture of a steamer entering the Panama canal in 1914 in the banner to show the a initial visual of the Panama Canal before the treaty negotiations.
"CSPAN." Zahipedia. Web. 12 Dec 2010.
<http://www.zahipedia.com/2010/03/06/watch-c-span-news-live-online/.>
This picture showed us the official CSPAN logo. The senate floor Panama Canal treaty debates were broadcast on the National Public Radio (NPR) for the first time, setting precedence for future live broadcasts by C-SPAN. We used this logo on the Long term consequence page.
"Former Senator Howard Baker." Fred Thompson Homecoming. Web. 28 Dec 2010.
<http://nashvillefiles.com/blog/archives/fred-thompson-homecoming.html>.
From this site we obtained a picture that gave us a visual of Howard Baker for our website. Howard Baker, a Republican, was the senate minority leader. He supported Carter on the Panama Canal treaties and as a result faced a lot of political scars. You can see this picture on the short tern and conclusion pages.
"Gatun Locks." Panama Canal Locks. Web. 15 Mar 2011.
This pictures shows the gates of the Gatun locks in the Panama Canal open for a cruise ship making its way down to the Caribbean end of the canal. We picked a picture of the locks because it illustrates the Canal operation and Maintenance. We used this image on the Great debate page.
"History of the Political Parties II by HistoryShots." HistoryShots: Visual Graphics and Visual Histories. Web. 11 May 2011. <http://www.historyshots.com/parties2/>.
This picture of the republican presidents after Carter back up the Rise of the Right where after Carter there was 12 years of republican presidents. The picture gives a nice visual and also adds some color to our webpage. To see this picture, go to the unintended consequence section on the Long term consequence page.
"Panama Canal 228." Flickr. Web. 12 Dec 2010.
<http://www.flickr.com/photos/rcekparian/1989237677/>.
This picture shows the canal doors closed. The Senate's approval of the Panama treaties avoided possible disaster. Otherwise, the Panama Canal might have been closed. We put the picture on the Long term consequence page under the security section.
"Panama." Central Intelligence Agency. Web. 3 Jan 2011.
<https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pm.htm>
From the CIA website we were able to find a picture of the Panamanian Flag. This helped us symbolize Panama's objections to the 1903 treaty (see President Johnson's contributions page).
"Panama Canal." The Daily Document 1999. Web. 28 Dec 2010.
<http://blog.lib.umn.edu/govref/fdlp100/2007/09/1999_panama_canal.html>.
This black and white picture of a ship passing through the canal really captured the essence of the Panama Canal. We used this picture on the home page of our website.
"Panama Coat of Arms." Web. 30 Mar 2011.
<http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/camerica/panama/paflags.htm>.
We used this symbol of the Panama Coat of Arms in the Great debate page to symbolize the debate about the Freedom and Sovereignty of the Panama Canal. We picked this image because the Panama canal is shown in the middle of this symbol. The Coat of Arms also has an eagle which symbolizes the U.S. as it was the first country to recognize sovereignty of Panama.
"Pedro Miguel Locks as seen from Miraflores" New Contemporary Panama Canal Photos. Web. 5 Apr 2011.
This picture of a cargo ship on the Panama Canal gave us a visual of the Panama Canal today. Also, this picture added some color to our website. We added it as an icon on the consequences page to show that in the long term, the Panama Canal is maintained well.
Rlisu's Blog. Web. 12 Dec 2010.
<http://rlisu.wordpress.com/tag/obama/>
This image of the United States being cut with an axe symbolizes how the debate over the treaties have split the United States. We used this picture on the Long Term page of our website.
"U.S.and Panama Flags." Panama Canal Potential for U.S. Firms - U.S. Commercial Service Sacramento. Web. 10 Mar 2011.
< http://www.buyusa.gov/sacramento/panamacanalpotential.html>.
We used this picture to depict the issues surrounding the U.S. and Panimanian pride, on the great debate and national pride pages
Political Cartoons
Brooks, Charles, and Jerry Robinson. Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year. 2. Pelican Publishing Company, 1979. 128. Print.
The cartoon shows a Native American who wants to tell Torrijos about how the US can be unfair when negotiating treaties.
"Carter Brown Torrijos Panama Canal." CFTR Cartoons. Web. 13 May 2011. <http://pdlankovsky.com/web_images/cftr_-_carter_brown_torrijos_panama.gif>
This political cartoon shows Jimmy Carter and Harold Brown trying to work out the treaty agreements with General Torrijos. It shows Carter almost pleading with General Torrijos to accept the terms of the treaty. The cartoon was created by artist P.D. Lankovsky from the political action committee (PAC) Citizens For The Republic (CFTR). This committee was created by Ronald Reagan to raise funds for his presidential campaign. Reagan wanted cartoons to lighten the subjects he chose to address in his monthly newsletter.
"Carter Torrijos Panama Canal." CFTR Cartoons. Web. 28 Mar 2011.
<http://pdlankovsky.com/web_images/cftr_-_carter_torrijos_panama_canal.gif>.
This political cartoon shows Jimmy Carter kneeling down and handling Panama ( shaped liked a Turkey) to Torrijos. It shows that Americans thought that Carter was degrading Americans by kneeling in front of Torrijos and handling over the Panama Canal. We used it on our conclusion page. The cartoon was created by artist P.D. Lankovsky from the political action committee (PAC) Citizens For The Republic (CFTR). This committee was created by Ronald Reagan to raise funds for his presidential campaign. Reagan wanted cartoons to lighten the subjects he chose to address in his monthly newsletter. This is a similar marketing strategy used by President Obama that aims infomails at his constituents.
Dolan, Edward F. Panama and the United States: Their Canal, Their Stormy Years. United States of America: Franklin Watts, 1990.. 70. Print
This book provided us with a creative political cartoon about the building of the canal. The political cartoon shows Uncle Sam carving the Panama canal with a hand saw. We felt that this cartoon really symbolized how the Panama Canal divided Panama.
"Gnawing at our Life Line, March 11th, 1942", Dr. Seuss Collection, Mandeville Special Collections Library, UC San Diego
We picked this cartoon from the Dr.Seuss's political cartoon collection for our "Fear of Communism" page. The cartoon has the words "Propaganda attempts to cut us apart" and shows Uncle Sam ( US ) climbing on a rope with Russia and Britain and a big bird cutting the rope. Dr. Seuss ( the author of children's book) was the chief editorial cartoonist for the New York newspaper PM (1940-1948), and for that journal he drew over 400 editorial cartoons. The Dr. Seuss Collection in the Mandeville Special Collections Library at the University of California, San Diego, contains the original drawings and/or newspaper clippings of all of these cartoons.
Heitzmann, W.R. (1980) , Political Cartoons. Scholastic Publications. New York, 1980
This gave us the political cartoon of Teddy Roosevelt as an angel reacting to the news that Pres. Carter would turn over the control of the Panama Canal to the Panamanian government. Teddy Roosevelt was the President when the Panama Canal was built in 1903 and the opponents thought that he would be horrified if he knew that the Panama Canal was being turned over to the Panamanians.
"Latest polls; September 20, 1979 ." McCain Library and Archives, The University of Southern Mississippi Libraries. Web. 20 Mar 2011. <http://digilib.usm.edu/u?cartoon,337>.
The AAEC Editorial Cartoon Collection at this website gave us this political cartoons by Ed Valtman. The cartoon shows White House Chief of Staff Hamilton Jordan and a bearded man (unidentified) holding a large chart labeled "Latest polls" which shows declining poll results. The bearded man points to the chart line. President Jimmy Carter and another man (unidentified) watch as the line drops off the chart and drills a hole through the floor.
"Narrow Passage". Brooks, Charles, and Jerry Robinson. Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year. 2. Pelican Publishing Company, 1979. 127. Print.
This cartoon showed how treaties won by only a narrow margin.
"No, thanks!; April 12, 1979 ." McCain Library and Archives,The University of Southern Mississippi Libraries. Web. 20 Mar 2011. <http://digilib.usm.edu/u?/cartoon,408>.
The AAEC Editorial Cartoon Collection at this website gave us this political cartoons by Ed Valtman. In the cartoon Secretary of State Cyrus Vance and National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski are smiling waiters standing behind President Jimmy Carter and Senate Minority Leader Howard Baker. Carter is pouring "SALT" into Baker's soup, and Baker is saying "No, thanks!". It shows that Howard Baker is not in favor of the SALT Treaty.
"President Proposes Senate Disposes", Web. 14 May 2011.
<http://aupamerican.blogspot.com/2010/12/hw16-checks-and-balance-dbq-essay-due.html>
This cartoon shows the balance of power in the US constitution. The President is the chief diplomat of the nation and has the authority to sign treaties with foreign countries. But those treaties become binding only if two-thirds of the senate approves them. The senate has the right to make amendments to treaties or reject them completely.
"Reagan Gerry Ford." CFTR Cartoons. Web. 28 Mar 2011. <http://pdlankovsky.com/web_images/cftr_-_reagan_ford.gif>. -
This cartoon from the CFTR collection shows Ford ( who was for the Panama Canal Treaty) fighting with Ronald Reagan ( who was against giving away Panama). The cartoons were created by artist P.D. Lankovsky from the political action committee (PAC) Citizens For The Republic (CFTR). This committee was created by Ronald Reagan to raise funds for his presidential campaign. Reagan wanted cartoons to lighten the subjects he chose to address in his monthly newsletter. This is a similar marketing strategy used by President Obama that aims infomails at his constituents.
"Response to Buckley's support for the treaty" CFTR Cartoons. Web. 13 May 2011.
<http://pdlankovsky.com/web_images/cftr_-_buckley_favors_canal_giveaway.gif>
his cartoon from the CFTR collection shows the response to William Buckley's support for the Panama Canal. William Buckley was the editor of the National Reviewer and was a very well known conservative. The cartoon shows the unidentified gentleman's disbelief in William Buckley's support for giving control of the canal to Panama. The cartoons were created by artist P.D. Lankovsky from the political action committee (PAC) Citizens For The Republic (CFTR). This committee was created by Ronald Reagan to raise funds for his presidential campaign. Reagan wanted cartoons to lighten the subjects he chose to address in his monthly newsletter.
"Teddy Roosevelt digging up the Panama Canal". W. A. Rogers. Web. 14 May 2011.
<http://www.virginiawestern.edu/faculty/vwhansd/his122/Teddy/Images/TRtoonPanama.jpg>
One of Roosevelt's proudest accomplishments--and most controversial--was acquiring U.S. rights to building and operating a canal in Panama. This cartoon shows him throwing dirt on the Colombian capital, Bagota. We used this cartoon in the political cartoons page.
"Teddy Roosevelt's reaction to US giving away the Panama Canal". Ed Valtman 1977. Web. 14 May 2011.
This gave us the political cartoon by Ed Valtman of Teddy Roosevelt jumping out of his picture in shock as reaction to the news that Pres. Carter would turn over the control of the Panama Canal to the Panamanian government. Teddy Roosevelt was the President when the Panama Canal was built in 1903 and the opponents thought that he would be horrified if he knew that the Panama Canal was being turned over to the Panamanians.
Student -led Interviews
Edwards, George C. E-mail Interview by Kavya Ramamoorthy, Maanasa Nathan, Priya Ramamoorthy. 13 Mar 2011. - George C. Edwards III is Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Texas A&M University. He is a leading scholar of the presidency and has authored dozens of articles and has written or edited 24 books on American politics and public policy making.
Professor Edwards gave us information that many of the concessions made during the treaty negotiations were for national security, principally on keeping the Canal open.
Furlong, William E-mail Interview by Kavya Ramamoorthy, Maanasa Nathan, Priya Ramamoorthy. 14 Mar 2011. - William Furlong is a professor of political science at Utah State University. His teaching interests include: Latin American politics, U.S.-Latin American relations, U.S. Foreign Policy, Comparative Politics, and International Relations. He is the author of two books: The Dynamics of Foreign Policy Making: The President , The Congress, and The Panama Canal Treaties, with Margaret Scranton; and the sole author of Evolución de la Democracia Costarricense: Partidos Políticos y Campanas Electorales (1982-2006). He has published several articles and chapters in books on Latin American politics and on U.S.-Latin American relations. He has taught at Utah State University for 40 years.
Our email interview with Professor Furlong gave us valuable information on the emotional effect of the ratification debates on the U.S. and also gave us insight on how the time period affected the passage of the treaty ratification. It helped us a lot to talk to Professor Furlong who is an expert in Latin American studies. His book The Dynamics of Foreign Policy Making: The President , The Congress, and The Panama Canal Treaties relates to our NHD topic of ratification of the Carter-Torrijos Treaty.
Malzman, Forrest E-mail Interview by Kavya Ramamoorthy, Maanasa Nathan, Priya Ramamoorthy. 13 Mar 2011. - He is a Professor of political science at George Washington University, where his research and teaching focus on American national institutions. We interviewed him via email about the consequence of continuous coverage of senate proceedings on CSPAN. The Panama Canal Treaties were the first time the senate proceedings were broadcast on NPR and set precedent for broadcast on the TV channel CSPAN. Professor Maltman's answer gave us the bad and good consequences of the continuous broadcast on CSPAN.
Skidmore, David -E-mail Interview by Kavya Ramamoorthy, Maanasa Nathan, Priya Ramamoorthy. 14 Mar 2011. - Professor Skidmore currently serves as Director of Drake's International Relations program and the Center for Global Citizenship. His research and teaching interests lie in the areas of American foreign policy, international political economy, international relations theory and Latin American politics. He has authored, co-authored, edited or co-edited five books on international politics and published numerous journal articles and book chapters. Professor Skidmore gave us references to some articles he wrote about the Panama Canal. His analysis of Adam Clymers book The Big Ditch was especially useful as he summarized Adam Clymer's thesis that the Panama Canal issue gave rise to the New Right. We also used information from his article in the Presidential Studies Quarterly for quotes in the Debate and Diplomacy page.
Trudeau, Robert E-mail Interview by Kavya Ramamoorthy, Maanasa Nathan, Priya Ramamoorthy. 15 Mar 2011. - Now retired, Professor Robert Trudeau was a member of the Providence College community and the Political Science Department for over 30 years. During his career at Providence College, Trudeau served as president of the Faculty Senate, chair of the Political Science Department, director of the Latin American Studies Program. Our email interview with Professor Trudeau helped us understand the standpoints of some of the senators opposing the treaty and the role of the time period in the debate.
Video Clips
"Advice and Consent: The President as Chief Diplomat." Constitutional Theme. Web. 24 Mar 2011. <http://www.articleii.org/chief_diplomat.html>.
This video gave us information about the Constitution’s principle of separation of powers as reflected in the President’s power to make treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate. As “Chief Diplomat” for the nation, the President negotiates treaties with other countries. But the Constitution requires that two-thirds of Senators present must approve a treaty before it can be ratified. We used this video on our Debate and Diplomacy page.
"Drawing the Line at the Big Ditch: The Panama Canal Treaties and the rise of the Right." Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Web. 14 May 2011. <http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/forum/detail/4007>
We used a snippet from this video where Adam Clymer talks about the biggest innovation of the Panama Canal Treaties - the birth of the infomercials on the Long Term Consequences page. We used two snippets from this video where Adam Clymer talks about the unification of the various conservative groups as a response to the United Stated giving control of Panama Canal to Panama on the Unintended Consequences page. According to Adam Clymer, the canal issue provided motivation and funds for the conservatives to take control of the Republican party. He also says that the senate and the congress has become more partisan now as compared to the 1970s.
Websites
"Debating the Panama Canal Treaty." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. PBS, 17 Aug 1977. Web. 25 Jan 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/latin_america/panamacanal/newshour_coverage1.html>.
This website contained a report which helped us get a better understanding of the views of Republican Senator Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. Senator Thurmond headed the American Conservative Union Task Force, whose mission was to defeat the Ratification.
"Panama Canal Treaties." The Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec 2010.
<The Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century>.
This source showed us how a well presented website looked. The website also had information on the background and the ratification of the Carter- Torrijos Treaty. It also provided us videos of the Jimmy Carter's fireside chat and a town hall meeting in Nashua.
"The Nobel Peace Prize 2002- Presentation Speech." Nobelprize.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Dec 2010. <http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2002/presentation-speech.html>.
This website explains why Carter got a Nobel Prize in 2002. It also states that one of the reasons Carter got the Nobel Peace Prize was because of his work with Panama.